Waterboarding - Wikipedia. Waterboarding is a form of water torture in which water is poured over a cloth covering the face and breathing passages of an immobilized captive, causing the individual to experience the sensation of drowning. Ordinarily, the water is poured intermittently so as to prevent death during torture, however, if the water is poured uninterruptedly it will lead to death by asphyxia with the sensation of drowning, also called dry drowning. Besides death, waterboarding can cause extreme pain, damage to lungs, brain damage from oxygen deprivation, other physical injuries including broken bones due to struggling against restraints, and lasting psychological damage.[1] Adverse physical consequences can manifest themselves months after the event, while psychological effects can last for years.[2]In the most common method of waterboarding, the captive's face is covered with cloth or some other thin material, and the subject is immobilized on their back at an incline of 1. Torturers pour water onto the face over the breathing passages, causing an almost immediate gag reflex and creating a drowning sensation for the captive.[4][5][6]. Waterboard on display at the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum: prisoners' feet were shackled to the bar on the right, wrists restrained by shackles on the left. Water was poured over the face using the watering can.
The use of this type of waterboard is depicted in a painting by former Tuol Sleng prisoner Vann Nath, shown in that article. The term water board torture appeared in press reports as early as 1. In late 2. 00. 7, it was widely reported that the United States. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was waterboarding extrajudicial prisoners and that the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice, had authorized the procedure among enhanced interrogation techniques.[8][9] The CIA confirmed having waterboarded three Al- Qaeda suspects: Abu Zubaydah, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, and Abd al- Rahim al- Nashiri, in 2.
In August 2. 00. 2 and March 2. George W. Bush administration, through Jay S.
Bybee, the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice, issued what became known as the Torture Memos after being leaked in 2. These legal opinions (including the 2. Bybee memo) argued for a narrow definition of torture under US law. The first three were addressed to the CIA, which took them as authority to use the described enhanced interrogation techniques (more generally classified as torture)[citation needed] on detainees classified as enemy combatants. Five days before the March 2.
Iraq, John Yoo, the acting Office of Legal Counsel, issued a fourth memo to the General Counsel of DOD, concluding his legal opinion by saying that federal laws related to torture and other abuse did not apply to interrogations overseas. The legal opinions were withdrawn by Jack Goldsmith of the OLC in June 2.
OLC in December 2. US government officials at various times said they did not believe waterboarding to be a form of torture.[1. In 2. 00. 6, the Bush administration banned torture including waterboarding on detainees. In January 2. 00. U. S. President. Barack Obama issued a similar ban on the use of waterboarding and other forms of torture in interrogations of detainees. In April 2. 00. 9, the U.
S. Department of Defense refused to say whether waterboarding is still used for training (e. SERE) US military personnel in resistance to interrogation.[2. In December 2. 01. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence issued a declassified 5. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Detention and Interrogation Program. The report concluded that "the CIA's use of enhanced interrogation techniques (EIT) was not effective for acquiring intelligence or gaining cooperation from detainees." According to the report, the CIA had presented no credible proof that information obtained through waterboarding or the other harsh interrogation methods that the CIA employed prevented any attacks or saved any lives. There was no evidence that information obtained from the detainees through EIT was not or could not have been obtained through conventional interrogation methods.[2.
In June 2. 01. 5, in response to a critical assessment of China in the U. S. State Department's annual human rights report, China noted that the U. S., among other alleged human rights abuses, engaged in torture of terrorism suspects, specifically by waterboarding.[2. Etymology. While the technique has been used in various forms for centuries,[2.
UPI report: "A Navy spokesman admitted use of the 'water board' torture .. The verb- noun waterboarding dates from 2. First appearance of the term in the mass media was in a New York Times article on 1.
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May 2. 00. 4: In the case of Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, a high- level detainee who is believed to have helped plan the attacks of Sept. C. I. A. interrogators used graduated levels of force, including a technique known as 'water boarding', in which a prisoner is strapped down, forcibly pushed under water and made to believe he might drown.[7][2. U. S. attorney Alan Dershowitz is reported to have shortened the term to a single word in a Boston Globe article two days later: "After all, the administration did approve rough interrogation methods for some high valued detainees.
These included waterboarding, in which a detainee is pushed under water and made to believe he will drown unless he provides information, as well as sensory deprivation, painful stress positions, and simulated dog attacks".[2. Dershowitz later told the New York Times columnist William Safire that, "when I first used the word, nobody knew what it meant."[7]Techniques using forcible drowning to extract information had hitherto been referred to as "water torture", "water treatment", "water cure" or simply "torture".[7][2. Professor Darius Rejali of Reed College, author of Torture and Democracy (2.
There is a special vocabulary for torture. When people use tortures that are old, they rename them and alter them a wee bit. They invent slightly new words to mask the similarities. This creates an inside club, especially important in work where secrecy matters. Waterboarding is clearly a jailhouse joke. It refers to surfboarding"– a word found as early as 1.
Torturers create names that are funny to them."[7]Webster's Dictionary first included the term in 2. A]n interrogation technique in which water is forced into a detainee's mouth and nose so as to induce the sensation of drowning."[2. Technique. Waterboarding was characterized in 2. CIA director Porter J. Goss as a "professional interrogation technique".[2. According to press accounts, a cloth or plastic wrap is placed over or in the person's mouth, and water is poured onto the person's head. Press accounts differ on the details of this technique – one article describes "dripping water into a wet cloth over a suspect's face",[3.
The United States' Office of Legal Counsel in August 2. CIA for a legal opinion regarding the use of certain interrogation techniques. It included the following account of the CIA's definition of waterboarding in a Top Secret 2. In this procedure, the individual is bound securely to an inclined bench, which is approximately four feet by seven feet. The individual's feet are generally elevated. A cloth is placed over the forehead and eyes. Water is then applied to the cloth in a controlled manner.
As this is done, the cloth is lowered until it covers both the nose and mouth. Once the cloth is saturated and completely covers the mouth and nose, air flow is slightly restricted for 2. Chris Rock: Kill The Messenger - London, New York, Johannesburg Movie Watch Online.